Directory profiles · Battery Business Directory
Organizations mentioned or cited on this 2023 report page. A historical mention does not establish current products, availability or endorsement.
Sources and links on page 105 (14)
Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
- https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20090023862/downloads/20090023862.pdf
- https://virtuemarketresearch.com/report/space-battery-market
- https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2017/04/e3sconf_espc2017_06004.pdf
- https://nebula.esa.int/sites/default/files/neb_study/2694/C4000137476ExS.pdf
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338508242_Low_cost_satellite_constellations_for_nearly_continuous_global_coverage?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6Il9kaXJlY3QiLCJwYWdlIjoiX2RpcmVjdCJ9fQ
- https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/leo-economy-frequently-asked-questions/
- https://www.ida.org/-/media/feature/publications/s/sc/schedule-and-cost-estimating-analysis-for-leo-satellite-constellations/d-33436.ashx
- https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6498/abb120
- https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL103069
- https://radhome.gsfc.nasa.gov/radhome/papers/apl_922.pdf
- https://phys.org/news/2016-08-china-jade-rabbit-lunar-rover.html
- https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-i/
- https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/overview/
- https://spaceflight101.com/change/change-3/
Text on page 105
Applications
Space Applications
Space Applications
Growing needs for energy storage in space exploration. Technology used depends on nature of mission profile.
Crewed missions require additional design considerations to protect humans from potential toxic thermal runaway byproduct gasses. Space cells must tolerate wide temperature ranges which can impact electrolyte seal integrity due to thermal expansion rate differences. Applications
Ambient Pressure
Mission example
Cell chemistry example
Avg. mission duration
Radiation
Avg. temperature
Design challenges
Earth
101.3 kPa
Electric vehicle
Graphite + NCM
8-12 years
H-3, Be-7, C-14,Na-22 0.21mSv/year
-30°C to +40°C
Corrosion
Upper atmosphere
200 Pa
Stratostats
Graphite + LCO
<100 days
He, Li- through Fe ions Neutrons 1-10 MeV 1.2 Neutrons/cm^2/s,
-20°C to -60°C
Low temperatures, icing, pressure variations
Low earth orbit (LEO)
10-6 - 10-9 Pa
ISP satellites
Graphite + NCA or LFP
<30 days (humans) 4 - 26 years (constellations)
1000-10 M Protons and Electrons/cm2/s
-65°C to +125°C
Sealing under frequent temperature variation
Geosynchronous orbit (GEO)
10-12 Pa
Media broadcasting
Graphite + NCA or Nickel Hydrogen
>7 years (many operating past EOL)
400-500 km/s Protons & Electrons 30/cm^2/s
-196°C to +128°C
Calendar life, high cycle-life
Lunar
3 x 10-9 Pa
Lunar rover
Pu-238 RTG (radioisotope thermal generator)
3 months design, 31 months life (Jade Rabbit rover)
Protons, Electrons 10-10000 MeV, 1-10 Protons/cm2/s
-130°C to +120°C
Extended duration of hot and cold/dark periods
Mars
560 Pa
Martian rover
Graphite + NCA
90 days NASA design (Opportunity lasted ~15 years)
Protons, Electrons 1-1000 MeV, 100-1000/s
-153°C to +20°C
Sealing under temperature variation, RTG radiation
Deep space
10-14 - 10-18 Pa
Deep space probes
Pu-238 RTG (radioisotope thermal generator)
45+ years (Voyager)
Protons, Electrons 1-10,000 MeV 100-10,000/s
Calendar life, RTG radiation and decreasing heating
Source: (1) NASA (2) Virtue Market Research (3) E3S (4) Zhang, J., et al. (5) ESA (6) Singh, L., et al. (7) NASA (8) IDA Org (9) Naito, M., et al. (10) Guo, J., et al. (11) NASA (12) Phys Org (13) NASA (14) NASA (15) Space Flight
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.
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