Sources and links on page 150
Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
No web links were embedded in this page of the original PDF. Printed source text may still appear on the page.
Text on page 150
Chemistry & Cell Components
Sodium Ion | Differentiating Properties
SIB Claims & prevailing areas of consideration Claims
Lowering Costs
Reason BOM of SIBs lower than LIBs (historical avg $200/MT for NCE vs $20,000/MT for LCE)
Prospects
Absence of Cu on anode allows for 0V discharge due to oxidative resistance on Al
0 V storage & transport
Wider temperature range
Use of low MP / high temp stable electrolytes (e.g. PC in SIB vs EC in LIBs.)
Improved Safety
Lower heat released/rate of heat released for SIBs
Integration Ease
Form factor compatibility with LIB at system level
Challenges
Large abundance of NCE mitigates supply chain fluctuations Potential Cost reductions on anode/no copper/electrolyte
Avoids need for SOC shipping (UN38.3), and reduces handling / transport safety hazards Resistant to over discharge during long storage periods without access to charging
High-capacity utilization at extreme low temperatures (-40°C). Reduced thermal cooling requirements at higher operating temps (60°C).
Reduced system level costs (safety/fire mitigation costs) Potential to serve indoor BTM markets if safety metrics can be met (meet NFPA 855) Use existing BMS/Power electronics during pack to system integration
Lower BOM not yet manifested in lower cell costs due to immature supply chain Reliance of Ni, V, other rare earth containing materials, or high moisture sensitivity for certain SIB cathodes No existing regulatory guidance on SIB transport standards yet, SIBs still classified in same category as LIB Sufficient BMS level protections against over discharge may negate needs Low temperature performance limited to discharge, charging still requires above -10°C Excessive gas formation at elevated temperatures when high voltage cathodes are used
Limited ARC testing data available for reference Safety concerns for layered oxides (fire hazard/oxygen release), PBAs (cyanide gas hazard)
Some SIB cell chemistries uses wide voltage ranges that are not directly compatible
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.
Page 150 · 36/49