Chemistry & Cell Components

Sources and links on page 155 (2)

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Sodium Ion | ESS Applications

Sodium’s place in the ESS Market Front-of-Meter Markets (larger deployment footprint)

Alternatives: Li-LFP / Flow Batteries / Na-S / Zinc / Liq-metal / Metal-air Key Metric: Levelized Costs ($/kWh/cycle) > Safety > Cycle life > Rate

Behind-the-Meter Markets (smaller deployment footprint)

Alternatives: Li-LFP / Lead-acid Key Metric: Safety > Capital Costs ($/kWh) > Cycle life

Na Ion: 2-to-8-hour sweet spot

Molten Na-S, Aqueous Batteries, Liquid-Metal, Metal-air, Fuel Cells

Source: DOE, CTVC

Challenges:

Costs & Safety are still unproven.

Cycle life yet to be demonstrated at scale

Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.