Sources and links on page 217 (5)
Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/lithium-cobalt-oxide
- https://offgridtech.org/tech-updates-online/2021/lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries-pros-and-cons/
- https://www.grepow.com/blog/lithium-iron-phosphate-vs-lithium-cobalt-oxide-battery-monday.html
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921344922000520
- https://globaledge.msu.edu/blog/post/57136/congos-cobalt-controversy
Text on page 217
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) Basic Information
LCO
Strength
Weakness
Opportunity
Threat
High energy density: Ideal for portable electronics
Extensive real world data availability; perfect for medical applications
Higher voltage capability: Supports voltages up to 4.5V
Mature technology: Longer track record of use compared to other cathode chemistries
Highest recycling value
Lower thermal stability
Limited to lower C rates due to overheating
Higher cost
Reduced cyclability under high power demand
Cobalt price volatility and supply instability
Gas evolution
Environmental impact during manufacture and mining
Portable and consumer electronics
Industries requiring 10+ years of reliability data
High recycling value in domestic industry
Energy supply for AI and supercomputers needing high capacity and energy density
Blended with NCM in lower-profit portable devices
High energy NCM and NCA for high performance applications
High voltage NCM for energy intensive use cases
Ethical concerns and supply instability of cobalt due to geopolitical factors
Source: LCO Overview, LFP Pros and Cons, LCO vs LFP, LCO Life Cycle, Congo’s Cobalt Controversy,
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2): Still a widely used cathode material, especially in consumer electronics like smartphones, laptops, and medical devices, due to its high energy density and stable voltage. Research focus: Increasing its practical capacity, enhancing thermal stability, improving cycle life, and reducing its environmental impact, particularly through recycling initiatives. Current industry leaders: production primarily based in China, Japan, and South Korea.
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.
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