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Stabilization Of The LMO (LiMn2O4) Spinel Structure Cation and anion substitution may enhance LMO CAM performance:
Researchers from Gyeongsang National University introduced a novel multi-substituted spinel by partially replacing manganese (Mn4+) with titanium (Ti4+) and oxygen (O2−) with sulfur (S2−) at specific sites. This approach stabilized the structure by mitigating Jahn–Teller distortion and maintained capacity integrity throughout the spinel's operational lifespan [1].
Tesla issued a patent proposing substitution of lithium (Li+) with an alkaline or alkaline-earth cation Mn+ (e.g. n = 1: Na+ or K+ or n = 2: Mg2+ or Sr2+), (Mn4+) with a group 13 element M’m+ (such as B3+ or Al3+) and oxygen (O2−) with an anion dopant Xk−(such as F− or Cl− or SO42−) in Li(1+a)MbMn(2-c)M’cO(4-d)Xe to improve cycle life by stabilizing the spinel structure and reducing Mn dissolution [2].
LMO
Toyota Central R&D Labs, Inc. improved cycle life and increased the capacity of LMO CAM by introducing non-metallic elements, such as boron (B3+) and phosphorus (P5+), into interstitial sites. Boron doping stabilizes the crystal structure, leading to a longer battery life. Phosphorus increasing battery capacity by allowing more Li+ storage, which leads to higher energy density [3].
Source: [1] O. Nyamaa et. al. Mater. Adv., 2024,5, 2872-2887; [2] WO patent 2024147993A1; [3] Toyota Central R&D Labs
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