Sources and links on page 244 (5)
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- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378775323000356
- https://www.nature.com/articles/srep08085%23:~:text=For%20example%2C%20silicon%20(Si),developed7%2C8%2C9%2C
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370563732_Recent_advances_of_SiOx-based_anodes_for_sustainable_lithium-ion_batteries
- https://zenodo.org/records/1197134
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666523922000253
Text on page 244
Silicon Basic Technology And Information Engineered silicon increases anode specific capacity as a blend with or replacement for graphite in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) Lithium is a metal that forms an alloy with silicon. Fully lithiated silicon (Li15Si4) has a theoretical maximum capacity of 3,572 mAh/g—9.6 times that of graphite. However, silicon undergoes up to 400% volume expansion when lithium is inserted. Volume expansion and contraction during cycling can cause mechanical degradation and capacity fade. Materials engineering strategies aim to curb these issues, though often with a compromise in capacity compared to silicon’s theoretical maximum. Production process: Vaporizing Si and SiO2 then condensing; and ball milling Si and SiO2 powders.
Silicon Monoxide
(SiOx)
Silicon in Carbon (Si-C)
Elemental Silicon (Si)
Established production methods and in widespread use for several years. Limited to < 10% in the anode for reasonable cycle life.
SUPPLIERS Leading suppliers of SiOx include Daejoo Electronic Materials (Korea), BTR (China), and Shin-Etsu Chemical (Japan).
Production process: CVD of silane to form nano-silicon particles in engineered carbon structures.
Structures are designed to restrain volume expansion and degradation. Energy cost of thermal process required to produce the carbon micro-structures.
Production process: Grinding MGS (for μ Si); and CVD of silane on current collector or in graphite (for n Si).
No inactive anode material means higher specific capacity. Potential for volume changes and degradation.
Sources: Mazir Ashuri et al (2023) Silicon oxides for Li-ion battery anode... Journal of Power Sources, 559. Iwamura, S. et al (2015) Li-Rich Li-Si Alloy as a Lithium-Containing... Sci Rep, 5, 8085. Zhang et al (2023) Recent advances of SiOx-based anodes... Nano Research Energy, 2(3). Zuo, Xiuxia et al (2017) Silicon based lithium-ion battery anodes... Nano Energy, 31(1), 113–143. P.U. Nzereogu et al (2022) Anode materials for lithium-ion batteries... Applied Surface Science Advances, 9.
ALTERNATIVES Silicon is considered to be the most promising anode material for LIBs due to its very high theoretical capacity. R&D to mitigate the capacity fade problem continues, e.g. with composites, micro-structures, nano-structuring, and coatings.
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.
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