Chemistry: Solid State

Manufacturing Differences With Respect To Traditional Li-Ion With Liquid Electrolyte Solid-state batteries share common components with liquid electrolyte-based ones but differ in resource demand due to the choice of solid electrolyte and anode materials. There are two main distinctions: the inclusion of new metals in the electrolyte and the increased lithium content. INCLUSION OF NEW METALS The inclusion of new metals like lanthanum, germanium, or zirconium in solid-state batteries sets them apart from traditional lithium-ion batteries:

Source: Fraunhofer ISI

Zirconium is common and poses no significant supply chain issues. (present in oxide solid electrolyte) Lanthanum, while abundant among rare earth metals, could face increased demand with growing SSB adoption. (present in oxide solid electrolyte) Germanium, being relatively scarce and costly, may not be suitable for widespread use in batteries. (present in oxide and sulfide solid electrolyte)

LITHIUM CONTENT Regarding lithium demand:

Cathode materials show no major changes compared to those in conventional lithium-ion batteries Noteworthy changes occur in the electrolyte, with a solid electrolyte resulting in an average additional demand for lithium ranging from 10 to 20 g/kWh compared to liquid organic electrolytes Lithium metal in the anode demands an additional lithium content, roughly equivalent to the transition from a liquid to solid electrolyte. The additional amount varies depending on the anode thickness and the excess lithium added to the cell to improve its performance

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