Chemistry: Lithium-Sulphur
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Lithium-Sulfur Battery Bill Of Materials ACTIVE
Cathodes
Anodes
INACTIVE
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
VOLTAGE RANGE (V)
TAP DENSITY (g/cm3)
CYCLE LIFE
PROSPECTS & CHALLENGES
Sulfur Carbon
Safety is better relative to conventional Li-ion Voltage window prohibitive to pack design Poor volumetric energy density due to tap density
SPAN/Inverse Vulcanization
Poor volumetric and gravimetric energy Limited power density due to nominal voltage
Lithium Sulfide
High moisture sensitivity leads to higher costs Poor volumetric energy due to tap density
Silicon
Poor volumetric energy due to tap density Feedstock limits costs & quality
Lithium/ Lithium Alloy
Need to manage high volume change Limited cycle life reported
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
DESCRIPTION
PROSPECTS & CHALLENGES
Ether based
LiTFSI salt in ethers / fluoro ethers
Ethers solubility allows for a broad use of additives and salts for anode stability Ethers dissolve active CAM material within the cell
Carbonate based
LiPF6 salt in Cyclic/Linear carbonate mixtures
Good oxidative stability, but need to manage gas generation/accumulation
Aluminum Foil
Used at Cathode
At < 1 V aluminum will react with Lithium Weight of Al significant vs cathode loading
Copper Foil
Used at Anode
Copper weight is a significant impact on overall cell weight Due to chemistry window - Copper should be ok at 0V
Electrolyte
Current Collector
CAPACITY( mAh/g)
Sources: 1. Yao, A. Benson, S.M., Chueh, W.C. How quickly can sodium-ion learn? Assessing scenarios for technoeconomic competitiveness against lithium-ion batteries. arXiv::2403.13759v3 (2024); 2. Shanghai Metals Market (SMM). Metals.com.; 3. Omenya, A. Sodium-Ion Battery Development. DOE-OE Peer Review (2024).; 4. Lee, J. Low Cost Sodium-Ion Battery to Enable Grid Scale Energy Storage: Prussian Blue-Derived Cathode and Complete Battery Integration; 2013.
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