Chemistry: Non-Lithium Chemistries
Page 279 of 518Sources and links on page 279 (4)
Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1074019/sodium-carbonate-reserves-worldwide-by-country/
- https://carnewschina.com/2023/04/20/catl-and-byd-sodium-ion-batteries-will-be-put-into-a-mass-produced-car-in-q4-2023/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-00748-8#citeas
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aenm.202001274
Text on page 279
Vast Abundance Of Sodium Is Key To Addressing Long Term Battery Supply Chain Challenges SOURCES OF ECONOMICALLY RECOVERABLE SODIUM / LITHIUM. 1
Sources: See references above
United States holds >90% of world’s sodium material reserves.2
Sodium naturally exists in Soda ash (Na2CO3) form, and is already an established raw material commodity, reducing processing requirements.
Massive abundance & ease of processing translate into 100x lower raw material prices vs equivalent Li2CO3. Potentially achieving <$40/kWh at scale.3
Sodium ion batteries adopt manufacturing methods identical to lithium ion, allowing immediate scalability compared to other emerging next generation technologies.4
Common advantages: Low temperature operation, potential for 0V or 0% SOC storage/transport, high power / rate, long cycle/calendar life.
Common disadvantages: Lower energy density vs lithium ion, higher near-term costs, wider voltage ranges, uncertainty around safety claims.
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.
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Page 279 · 3/23