Chemistry: Non-Lithium Chemistries
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Sodium Ion Battery Bill of Materials ACTIVE
Cathodes
Anodes
INACTIVE
Electrolyte
MATERIAL
$/KG 1
EXAMPLE CHEMICAL FORMULAS
PROSPECTS & CHALLENGES
Layered Oxide
O3 – NaNixFeyMnzO2, O3 - NaCuxFeyMnzO2 P2 - NaaFexMnyO2, P2 - NaaNixMnyO2
Material stability at high voltage may limit useable capacity and require nickel, but relatively high energy and high tap density
Polyanion
Na3V2(PO4)3, Na3V2(PO4)2F, Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7), Na2Fe2(SO4)3
Volumetric & Specific energy density is poor, but improved safety could yield cost-downs at pack level
Prussian White/Blue
2.5 – 3.5 4 (projected)
Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6] Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6]
Moisture sensitivity may increase costs in material and cell manufacturing
Hard Carbon
4 – 11 (realistic) 1,2 4 – 32 1,2,3
Growing supply chain is driving lower costs, but many feedstock choices could limit cost and volume.
Alloys
P, Sn, Sb, Pb, SnxP3
High theoretical volumetric energy density, but expansion must be managed and could limit practical energy density
Anodeless
Na (Note: No commercial Na foil available)
High energy density with minimal processing, but expansion must be managed and could limit practical energy density
MATERIAL
$/KG
EXAMPLE CHEMICAL FORMULAS
PROSPECTS & CHALLENGES
NaPF6 CarbonateBased
NaPF6 in EC/PC/DEC/DMC/EMC
Good oxidative stability, but generates volatile/toxic gas at high voltage/during thermal runaway. NaPF6 forms soluble SEI species.
NaPF6 Ether-based
Unknown, but glymes are 2-3x cost of PC
NaPF6 in DEE/DME/DEG/TEG/THF
Superior SEI stability and lower Na plating risk/ compatibility with Na metal, but limited oxidative stability. NaPF6 forms soluble SEI species.
Sources: 1. Yao, A. Benson, S.M., Chueh, W.C. How quickly can sodium-ion learn? Assessing scenarios for technoeconomic competitiveness against lithium-ion batteries. arXiv::2403.13759v3 (2024).; 2. Shanghai Metals Market (SMM). Metals.com.; 3. Omenya, A. Sodium-Ion Battery Development. DOE-OE Peer Review (2024).; 4. Lee, J. Low Cost Sodium-Ion Battery to Enable Grid Scale Energy Storage: Prussian Blue-Derived Cathode and Complete Battery Integration; 2013.
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