Chemistry: Non-Lithium Chemistries (Industry) — Battery Report 2024, page 299

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High Temperature Batteries High temperature batteries use molten electrodes separated by a solid ceramic electrolyte separator. They were developed for stationary storage applications for discharge durations of up to 8 hours.

SYSTEM OVERVIEW

USE CASE: GRID STORAGE

High temperature batteries operate at temperatures over 250oC to ensure that the electrodes remain in a molten state and are electrochemically active. The electrolyte is typically sodium beta-alumina. There are two high temperature battery chemistries which have been successfully commercialised as of 2024:

High temperature batteries typically have cell energy densities of 100 to 200 Wh/kg, and operate at round-trip efficiencies of around 70 to 80% when operating at temperature. They have been widely deployed in energy storage applications for discharge durations of up to 8 hours, making them suitable for pairing with solar PV installations.

Sodium-sulfur [1] batteries, where molten sulfur and molten sodium are separated from a beta-alumina electrolyte layer.

Sodium nickel chloride [2] batteries, sometimes called ZEBRA batteries, which use nickel chloride and molten sodium electrodes.

Source: [1] NGK Insulators - Product, [2] EASE - Technologies

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