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Sources and links on page 328 (9)
Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
- https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/FCAB%20National%20Blueprint%20Lithium%20Batteries%200621_0.pdf
- https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GBA_EOL_baseline_Circular_Energy_Storage.pdf
- https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/second-life-ev-batteries-the-newest-value-pool-in-energy-storage
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S254243511930474X#:~:text=use%20in%20EVs.-,Industry%20Demonstrations,cost%20of%20using%20new%20batteries.
- https://evmagazine.com/technology/second-life-ev-batteries-pioneering-sustainability-growth
- https://www.systemiq.earth/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Systemiq_Sustainable_Battery_Recycling_Full_Study_WEB-1.pdf
- https://thebatterypass.eu/assets/images/content-guidance/pdf/2023_Battery_Passport_EOL_Analysis.pdf
- https://recellcenter.org/2020/06/23/recell-center-could-save-costly-nickel-and-cobalt-transform-battery-recycling-worldwide/
- https://www.iea.org/reports/recycling-of-critical-minerals/executive-summary
Text on page 328
Reuse And Recycling Results In Significant CO2 Emissions Reduction And Cost Savings
Today’s battery recycling technologies can recover 80%-95% of the critical minerals.
Manufacturing costs for a vehicle battery can be 5-30% lower when using recycled cathode material.
Reusing end-of-life EV batteries as BESS can lower production costs by ~40% and reduce its emissions footprint by ~50% compared to all-new BESS.
A reused EV battery can last 5+ years, depending on its SOH and second-life application. Second-life BESS avoided emissions are realized in the manufacturing process, however round-trip efficiency is lower.
The second-life EV battery market is expected to reach $28.17B by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 43.9% from base year 2024.
Sources: U.S. Dept. of Energy (graphic), The World Economic Forum, McKinsey & Co (graphic), Chen et. al., EV Magazine, Systemiq, The Battery Pass Consortium, ReCell Center, International Energy Agency
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.
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