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Text on page 365
LiMn2O4 (LMO) - A Cheaper Alternative To LCO That Struggles With Transition Metal Dissolution Despite its limited capacity and Mn dissolution, LiMn2O4 remains an economically attractive cathode that has found use in lower-end applications in China. LiMn2O4 exists as cubic structure and can reach a theoretical capacity of 148 mAh/g Mn2O4 spinel provides tetrahedral sites for Li insertion at 4.1 V and 3.9 V
Cubic structure allows for isotropic expansion and contraction
LiMn2O4 has poor stability with electrolyte due to Mn dissolution
When Li stoichiometry is > 1, cubic symmetry reduces to tetragonal
Jahn–Teller distortion leads to non-isotropic expansion and loss of structural integrity
Typical charge and discharge curves for a Li || LiMn2O4 cell operated between 3.0 V and 5.0 V [4] Source: [1] Thackeray, M. M., et al. Materials Research Bulletin 19.2 (1984): 179-187. [2] Asl, H. Y., & Manthiram, A. (2020). Science, 369(6500), 140-141. [3] Thackeray, M. M., Shao‐Horn, Y., Kahaian, A. J., Kepler, K. D., Skinner, E., Vaughey, J. T., & Hackney, S. A. (1998). Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 1(1), 7. [4] Yongyao Xia et al 1997 J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 2593 [5] Gummow, R. J., De Kock, A., & Thackeray, M. M. (1994). Improved capacity retention in rechargeable 4 V lithium/lithium-manganese oxide (spinel) cells. Solid State Ionics, 69(1), 59-67. [6] Nitta, Naoki, et al. "Li-ion battery materials: present and future." Materials today 18.5 (2015): 252-264.
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