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Key Drivers of Battery Manufacturing Emissions Battery production emissions arise from multiple stages of the value chain, with contributions varying significantly by materials, processes, energy sources, and geography. Value-Chain Driver
What Contributes to Emissions
Raw-Material Extraction and Refining
Mining and refining of lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, and graphite are energy-intensive and generate significant GHG emissions. Emissions vary widely by ore type, location, and processing technology.
EnergyIntensive Material Manufacturing
Cathode and anode active-material production involves prolonged high-temperature processing, making these steps among the most energy-intensive in the battery value chain.
Cell Manufacturing Processes
Cell manufacturing adds emissions through thermal and drying processes, particularly electrode drying and other heat-based operations.
Carbon Intensity of Electricity
The emissions footprint depends strongly on whether production is powered by renewable electricity or fossil-fuel-based grids. Electricity source is a primary driver of variability in emissions per kWh.
Geography and Value-Chain Configuration
Battery production is concentrated in regions with differing grid carbon intensities, leading to large regional differences. Battery chemistry, supplier choices, and transportation routes further influence embedded emissions.
Source: McKinsey 1
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