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Decarbonization Levers in Battery Manufacturing Significant emissions reductions are achievable by 2030 through a combination of clean electricity, low-carbon materials, and manufacturing process improvements. Value-Chain Stage
Primary Emissions Source
Key Decarbonization Levers
Electricity Supply (Cross-Cutting)
High electricity demand across mining, materials processing, and manufacturing, often supplied by fossil-fuel-based grids
Switch to renewable electricity; deploy high-quality, 24/7 matched green power purchase agreements (PPAs) across the value chain
Raw-Material Extraction & Refining
Energy-intensive mining and refining of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and other materials; emissions vary widely by location and processing technology
Source materials from producers using electrified mining equipment, renewable electricity, and lower-emission refining technologies
Active-Material Manufacturing (Cathode & Anode)
Prolonged high-temperature processing during precipitation, drying, and thermal treatment; heavy reliance on electricity and boilers
Power production with low-carbon electricity; ensure stable, continuous clean power supply to support energy-intensive thermal processes
Cell Manufacturing
Medium-temperature electrode drying (≈50–160 °C), typically using natural gas; additional thermal steps
Adopt dry-coating processes; replace PVDF binders with water-based alternatives (both are tough to implement as not scaled in industry). Electrify electrode drying; supply fully electrified lines with continuous low-carbon electricity
Policy & Market Frameworks
Cost and competitiveness barriers to low-carbon production
Regulatory mechanisms and incentives (e.g., EU CBAM, EU Battery Regulation, U.S. IRA) that encourage low-carbon production, local supply chains, and recycling
Source: McKinsey 1
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