Cell & Pack Manufacturing
Cover and introductionp.1
IndustryOverviewp.5
IndustryNotable Eventsp.7
IndustryIndustry Value Chainp.21
IndustryFinancep.50
IndustryCostsp.68
IndustryCell & Pack Manufacturingp.83
IndustryApplicationsp.127
IndustryApplications: EVp.130
IndustryApplications: Stationary Energy Storagep.182
IndustryApplications: Data Centersp.233
IndustryApplications: Aviation, Drones, Spacep.243
IndustryApplications: Roboticsp.256
IndustryApplications: Otherp.264
IndustrySafetyp.266
IndustryCell Design and Materialsp.282
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Li-Ionp.297
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Lithium Sulfurp.360
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Solid-Statep.367
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Sodium-Ionp.387
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Alternative Chemistriesp.397
IndustrySupply Chain: Upstream and Midstreamp.419
IndustrySupply Chain: Recycling & Secondary Marketsp.439
IndustrySoftware / AIp.455
ChinaOverviewp.486
ChinaHistoryp.489
ChinaPolicy Landscapep.498
ChinaTalent & Ecosystem Maturityp.505
ChinaCapitalp.510
ChinaSupply Chainp.518
ChinaTechnology Innovationp.536
AcademiaOverviewp.552
AcademiaResearch Trendsp.555
AcademiaSeminal Literaturep.560
AcademiaFundamentalsp.571
AcademiaLithium-Ionp.575
AcademiaSolid State Batteriesp.594
AcademiaBattery Degradation and Performancep.605
AcademiaNew / Alternative Chemistriesp.618
AcademiaFast Charging & Extreme Fast Chargingp.630
AcademiaArtificial Intelligence and Machine Learningp.632
AcademiaBattery Management System (BMS)p.638
AcademiaRecyclingp.642
AcademiaBattery Safetyp.649
TalentOverviewp.653
TalentWorkforce Landscapep.657
TalentEmerging Trendsp.662
TalentPolicy & Immigrationp.668
TalentCompensation & Benefitsp.675
TalentIndustry Sentimentp.680
TalentSkills & Training Gapsp.687
TalentEducational Developmentp.692
TalentWorkforce Researchp.698
TalentAccess & Advancementp.702
PolicyNorth Americap.706
PolicyEuropep.724
PolicyAsiap.731
PolicyLegalp.737
CommunityConferencesp.755
PredictionsThe Next 12 Monthsp.760
Closing pagesp.762
Cell & Pack Manufacturing
Page 120 of 768Sources and links on page 120 (1)
Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
Text on page 120
Decarbonization Levers in Battery Manufacturing Significant emissions reductions are achievable by 2030 through a combination of clean electricity, low-carbon materials, and manufacturing process improvements. Value-Chain Stage
Primary Emissions Source
Key Decarbonization Levers
Electricity Supply (Cross-Cutting)
High electricity demand across mining, materials processing, and manufacturing, often supplied by fossil-fuel-based grids
Switch to renewable electricity; deploy high-quality, 24/7 matched green power purchase agreements (PPAs) across the value chain
Raw-Material Extraction & Refining
Energy-intensive mining and refining of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and other materials; emissions vary widely by location and processing technology
Source materials from producers using electrified mining equipment, renewable electricity, and lower-emission refining technologies
Active-Material Manufacturing (Cathode & Anode)
Prolonged high-temperature processing during precipitation, drying, and thermal treatment; heavy reliance on electricity and boilers
Power production with low-carbon electricity; ensure stable, continuous clean power supply to support energy-intensive thermal processes
Cell Manufacturing
Medium-temperature electrode drying (≈50–160 °C), typically using natural gas; additional thermal steps
Adopt dry-coating processes; replace PVDF binders with water-based alternatives (both are tough to implement as not scaled in industry). Electrify electrode drying; supply fully electrified lines with continuous low-carbon electricity
Policy & Market Frameworks
Cost and competitiveness barriers to low-carbon production
Regulatory mechanisms and incentives (e.g., EU CBAM, EU Battery Regulation, U.S. IRA) that encourage low-carbon production, local supply chains, and recycling
Source: McKinsey 1
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.