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Sources and links on page 150 (9)
Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
- https://www.pwc.com/id/en/energy-utilities-mining/assets/global-mine-2025.pdf
- https://techbuzzchina.substack.com/p/powering-beyond-the-cell-catls-trillion
- https://www.auto123.com/en/news/ford-catl-lfp-batteries-michigan-energy-storage/73531/
- https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024/trends-in-electric-vehicle-batteries
- https://www.mining-technology.com/news/congo-cobalt-export-conditions-tighten/#:~:text=PDAC%202026-,DRC%20cobalt%20export%20conditions%20tighten%20with%20new%20quota%20and%20royalty,according%20to%20the%20news%20agency.
- https://www.batterytechonline.com/lithium-ion-batteries/why-gm-is-betting-on-lmr-battery-technology
- https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/
- https://about.bnef.com/insights/clean-transport/electric-vehicle-outlook
- https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2025
Text on page 150
Regional Differences in Cathode Chemistry Regional divergence in cathode chemistry reflects differences in policy incentives, supply-chain localization, and manufacturing scale rather than fundamental technology limitations. Nickel-Based (NMC, NMCA, LMR)
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
Dominant choice in North America and Europe due to legacy production capacity and energy density/range needs in those markets
Favored for cost, stability, thermal safety, long cycle life, and less critical minerals
Supply constraints for geographically concentrated cobalt continues as market is impacted by DRC’s export restrictions
Production of battery-grade nickel intermediates & precursors, although in oversupply, remains concentrated in Indonesia and is also heavily influenced by Chinese entities
New cathode development is focused on shifting toward lower-nickel, cheaper manganese-rich variants such as high-voltage mid-nickel NMC and LMR
Iron and phosphate may abundant materials, but high purity production is complex and limited outside of China
China dominates production of LFP cells and cathode material, and IP surrounding chemistry improvements and cell-to-pack architectures (CATL, BYD)
Increasing adoption in entry-level and mass-market EVs with major automakers licensing the technology from Chinese firms
Source: Data from Benchmark Mineral Intelligence (Distinguished Partner), BloombergNEF (Distinguished Partner), IEA, OEM announcements
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.
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