Applications: Stationary Energy Storage
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Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
- https://www.brattle.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/LDES-Scoping-Report.pdf
- https://www.andritz.com/group-en/about-us/andritz-worldwide#page=1
- https://www.gevernova.com/news/press-releases/ge-vernova-commissions-indias-first-variable-speed-pumped-storage-unit-countrys
- https://quidnetenergy.com/
- https://www.energyvault.com/projects
- https://hydrostor.ca/projects/
- https://highviewpower.com/projects/
- https://www.eib.org/en/projects/all/20230127
- https://www.rondo.com/customers
- https://arpa-e.energy.gov/programs-and-initiatives/search-all-projects/deep-decarbonization-enabled-thermophotovoltaic-scale-ultra-low-cost-thermal-energy-storage
- https://arena.gov.au/projects/mga-thermal-energy-storage-project/
- https://invinity.com/flow-battery-case-studies/
- https://www.cellcube.com/projects/
- https://formenergy.com/great-river-energy-and-form-energy-break-ground-on-first-of-its-kind-multi-day-energy-storage-project/#:~:text=Form%20Energy%20is%20an%20American,%2C%20please%20visit%20FormEnergy.com.
Text on page 207
Mapping LDES Technologies Across Durations
Duration
Representative technologies
Minimum deployment size, MW
Nominal duration, hrs
Representative OEMs
Inter-day
Traditional pumped hydro (PSH)
Andritz AG, General electric (24+ hrs)
Novel pumped hydro
Quidnet energy (10+hrs)
Gravity-based
Energy Vault(2-18 hrs)
Compressed air (CAES)
Hydrostor(8+hrs)
Liquid air (LAES)
High view power (6+ hrs)
Liquid CO2
Energy dome(8-24 hrs)
Sensible heat (e.g. molten salts, rock material, concrete)
Rondo energy, Antora(24+ hrs)
Latent heat (aluminium alloy)
MGA thermal(multi-days)
Aqueous electrolyte (flow batteries)
Invinity energy systems,cell cube (2-12) hrs
Metal anode batteries
Form energy(100+ hrs)
Multi-day/ multi-week
Source: LDES Scoping Report
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.
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