Applications: Aviation, Drones, Space (Industry) — Battery Report 2025, page 246

Sources and links on page 246 (1)

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https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111164118

Text on page 246

Understanding the Categorization of Electric Aircraft Across Applications and Classes Efficiency spectrum

Fixed-wing CTOL is most efficient (high L/D, long range/high speed); multicopters are least efficient (pure vertical thrust, high disk loading, short range/low speed), with Lift+Cruise and Vectored Thrust hybrids in between. Design trade-off

eVTOL architectures balance vertical lift capability against cruise efficiency adding wings/tilt improves range and speed but increases complexity, while pure rotorcraft favor simplicity and urban missions at the cost of efficiency.

While fixed-wing CTOL remains the gold standard for high-speed, inter-city efficiency, hybrid architectures like Vectored Thrust and Lift + Cruise used in EVTOL aircraft are essential for regional missions, trading increased mechanical complexity for the balance of speed and range required to make urban air mobility viable. Source: The promise of energy-efficient battery-powered urban aircraft, [Image AI Generated from the source content]

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