Sources and links on page 273 (6)
Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
- https://www.ieptechnologies.com/whats-the-solution/battery-energy-storage-systems#:~:text=Passive%20Explosion%20Protection,Active%20Explosion%20Protection
- https://leochlithium.us/bess-cooling-systems-why-thermal-management-shapes-the-future-of-energy-storage/
- https://www.advancedco.com/how-to-prevent-thermal-runaway-in-battery-energy-storage-systems-fire-safety-solutions/#:~:text=Battery%20energy%20storage%20systems%20%28BESS,ensure%20compliance%20with%20industry%20standards
- https://eticaag.com/fire-detection-suppression-battery-energy-storage/
- https://leochlithium.us/bess-cooling-systems-why-thermal-management-shapes-the-future-of-energy-storage/#:~:text=Case%20Study:%20Leoch%20Liquid%2DCooled,to%20large%20grid%2Dscale%20storage
- https://www.advancedco.com/how-to-prevent-thermal-runaway-in-battery-energy-storage-systems-fire-safety-solutions/#:~:text=Battery%20energy%20storage%20systems%20(BESS,ensure%20compliance%20with%20industry%20standards
Text on page 273
Fire Safety Technologies: System Thermal Management Systems (TMS)
Structural Safety Considerations
Fault Detection and Alarms System
Active Fire Suppression System (FSS)
Design choices to prevent propagation of events
Maintains temperature “homeostasis”
Detects/diagnoses stages of a thermal runaway cascade
Reacts to extinguish fires of the system
Design considerations includes pack level choices, integration of systems, material selection, and incorporation of engineering controls.
System consists of: Sensors, set point management, cooling apparatus.
System consists of mixture of sensors and alarms/alerts
System consists of automated response that triggers fire suppression agents
Example of standards that guide considerations:
UL 9540
NFPA 855
NFPA 68/69
Types of cooling:
Immersion cooling- pack submerged in dielectric liquid
Liquid cooling- circulating liquid to absorb heat
Air cooling- fans and blowers force circulated air
Types of sensors:
Gas detection- vent gases
Thermal detection- temperature anomalies at cell/module/pack
Voltage imbalance monitoringflags cells/modules/packs for potential faults
Types of suppression:
Gas based suppression- inert or extinguishing gases
Aerosol suppression- fine particles to interrupt combustion
Water-based suppression- water to extinguish fire
Source [1]
Source [2]
Source [3]
Source [4]
Prevention
Containment
When designing a battery system, several system-level strategies exist to ensure proper safety against thermal runaway events.
Source:[1], [2], [3], [4]
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.
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