Cover and introduction
Cover and introductionp.1
IndustryOverviewp.5
IndustryNotable Eventsp.7
IndustryIndustry Value Chainp.21
IndustryFinancep.50
IndustryCostsp.68
IndustryCell & Pack Manufacturingp.83
IndustryApplicationsp.127
IndustryApplications: EVp.130
IndustryApplications: Stationary Energy Storagep.182
IndustryApplications: Data Centersp.233
IndustryApplications: Aviation, Drones, Spacep.243
IndustryApplications: Roboticsp.256
IndustryApplications: Otherp.264
IndustrySafetyp.266
IndustryCell Design and Materialsp.282
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Li-Ionp.297
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Lithium Sulfurp.360
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Solid-Statep.367
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Sodium-Ionp.387
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Alternative Chemistriesp.397
IndustrySupply Chain: Upstream and Midstreamp.419
IndustrySupply Chain: Recycling & Secondary Marketsp.439
IndustrySoftware / AIp.455
ChinaOverviewp.486
ChinaHistoryp.489
ChinaPolicy Landscapep.498
ChinaTalent & Ecosystem Maturityp.505
ChinaCapitalp.510
ChinaSupply Chainp.518
ChinaTechnology Innovationp.536
AcademiaOverviewp.552
AcademiaResearch Trendsp.555
AcademiaSeminal Literaturep.560
AcademiaFundamentalsp.571
AcademiaLithium-Ionp.575
AcademiaSolid State Batteriesp.594
AcademiaBattery Degradation and Performancep.605
AcademiaNew / Alternative Chemistriesp.618
AcademiaFast Charging & Extreme Fast Chargingp.630
AcademiaArtificial Intelligence and Machine Learningp.632
AcademiaBattery Management System (BMS)p.638
AcademiaRecyclingp.642
AcademiaBattery Safetyp.649
TalentOverviewp.653
TalentWorkforce Landscapep.657
TalentEmerging Trendsp.662
TalentPolicy & Immigrationp.668
TalentCompensation & Benefitsp.675
TalentIndustry Sentimentp.680
TalentSkills & Training Gapsp.687
TalentEducational Developmentp.692
TalentWorkforce Researchp.698
TalentAccess & Advancementp.702
PolicyNorth Americap.706
PolicyEuropep.724
PolicyAsiap.731
PolicyLegalp.737
CommunityConferencesp.755
PredictionsThe Next 12 Monthsp.760
Closing pagesp.762
Cover and introduction
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Introductions
“The battery is the technology of our time.” - The Economist The Battery Report summarizes what we consider to be the most significant developments in the battery industry in 2025. A massively collaborative project by 120+ battery professionals from 90+ institutions, this annual report seeks to provide a comprehensive and accessible overview of the current state of battery industry, research, talent, and policy. We hope to catalyze in-depth conversations on the state of batteries and its trajectory into the future. We Consider The Following Key Dimensions In Our Report:
INDUSTRY CHINA ACADEMIA
Commercial milestones in battery development, manufacturing, & end-use verticals History, state-of-art, and state-of-play of the world's most integrated battery supply chain Academic breakthroughs in fundamental battery science & applications
TALENT
Supply, demand, and insights on talent working in the field
Government targets, incentives, regulations, patent trends, and their implications
COMMUNITY
Global and virtual conferences and networking events
PREDICTIONS
Trends we believe are likely to happen in the next 12 months
Disclaimer: The views expressed herein are solely those of the authors, and have not been reviewed or approved by any other organization, agency, employer or company. The primary purpose of this work is to educate and inform. The Content is for entertainment and informational purposes only and you should not construe any such information as investment, financial, or other advice. Data and information is from publicly available sources and often self-reported by the companies. The authors declare no conflicts of interest in producing this report. This report includes forecasts, projections and other predictive statements that represent third-party assumptions and expectations in light of currently available information. These forecasts, etc., are based on industry trends, circumstances, and other factors, and they involve risks, variables, emerging technologies, and uncertainties. Actual performance results may differ from those projected in this report. Consequently, no guarantee is presented nor implied as to the accuracy of specific forecasts, projections, or predictive statements contained herein.
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