Industry Value Chain
Cover and introductionp.1
IndustryOverviewp.5
IndustryNotable Eventsp.7
IndustryIndustry Value Chainp.21
IndustryFinancep.50
IndustryCostsp.68
IndustryCell & Pack Manufacturingp.83
IndustryApplicationsp.127
IndustryApplications: EVp.130
IndustryApplications: Stationary Energy Storagep.182
IndustryApplications: Data Centersp.233
IndustryApplications: Aviation, Drones, Spacep.243
IndustryApplications: Roboticsp.256
IndustryApplications: Otherp.264
IndustrySafetyp.266
IndustryCell Design and Materialsp.282
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Li-Ionp.297
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Lithium Sulfurp.360
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Solid-Statep.367
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Sodium-Ionp.387
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Alternative Chemistriesp.397
IndustrySupply Chain: Upstream and Midstreamp.419
IndustrySupply Chain: Recycling & Secondary Marketsp.439
IndustrySoftware / AIp.455
ChinaOverviewp.486
ChinaHistoryp.489
ChinaPolicy Landscapep.498
ChinaTalent & Ecosystem Maturityp.505
ChinaCapitalp.510
ChinaSupply Chainp.518
ChinaTechnology Innovationp.536
AcademiaOverviewp.552
AcademiaResearch Trendsp.555
AcademiaSeminal Literaturep.560
AcademiaFundamentalsp.571
AcademiaLithium-Ionp.575
AcademiaSolid State Batteriesp.594
AcademiaBattery Degradation and Performancep.605
AcademiaNew / Alternative Chemistriesp.618
AcademiaFast Charging & Extreme Fast Chargingp.630
AcademiaArtificial Intelligence and Machine Learningp.632
AcademiaBattery Management System (BMS)p.638
AcademiaRecyclingp.642
AcademiaBattery Safetyp.649
TalentOverviewp.653
TalentWorkforce Landscapep.657
TalentEmerging Trendsp.662
TalentPolicy & Immigrationp.668
TalentCompensation & Benefitsp.675
TalentIndustry Sentimentp.680
TalentSkills & Training Gapsp.687
TalentEducational Developmentp.692
TalentWorkforce Researchp.698
TalentAccess & Advancementp.702
PolicyNorth Americap.706
PolicyEuropep.724
PolicyAsiap.731
PolicyLegalp.737
CommunityConferencesp.755
PredictionsThe Next 12 Monthsp.760
Closing pagesp.762
Directory profiles (20)
Organizations mentioned or cited on this 2025 report page. A historical mention does not establish current products, availability or endorsement.
Sources and links on page 36 (5)
Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
- https://www.mining.com/web/australias-alliance-nickel-says-stellantis-to-exit-supply-deal/
- https://stocksdownunder.com/novonix-2/#:~:text=The%20decision%20followed%20an%20inability,in%20the%20US%20electrification%20ecosystem.
- https://www.morningstar.com/news/dow-jones/2025110711536/westwaters-offtake-deal-with-stellantis-subsidiary-terminated
- https://www.ttnews.com/articles/ford-end-battery-venture-sk#:~:text=%5BStay%20on%20top%20of%20transportation,%2Dthan%2Dexpected%20EV%20adoption.&text=U.S.%20policy%20changes%20are%20rendering,and%20improve%20its%20operational%20flexibility.
- https://www.crugroup.com/en/communities/thought-leadership/2025/trumps-policies-have-far-reaching-impacts-on-the-global-battery-value-chain/
Text on page 36
2025 Saw Many New Supply Agreements & Partnerships, but Also Cancellations Common themes: securing supply outside China, and scramble for LFP Ongoing Asian-led Li/Ni/Co partnerships Chengxin Lithium Chengxin Lithium Mineral Resources
Ford
Spodumene concentrate
Huayou (Youshan)
Lithium carbonate + hydroxide
POSCO
Spodumene concentrate
GEM
XTC
Lithium carbonate, phosphate, nickel/cobalt sulphate
CNGR
XTC
Lithium carbonate, phosphate
Alliance Nickel
Stellantis
Nickel sulphate
Search for Ex.China lithium chemical supply for local CAM production EcoPro
SK On
Lithium hydroxide
Rock Tech Lithium
Ronbay
Lithium hydroxide
Mandrake Lithium
Stardust Power
Lithium chloride
Stardust Power
Sumitomo
Lithium carbonate
Trading houses securing feedstock from new producers Ascend Elements Vulcan Energy
Trafigura Glencore
Premier African Metals
Glencore
EVelution Energy
Mitsui
Recycled lithium carbonate Lithium hydroxide Spodumene concentrate Cobalt sulphate + metal
Securing Chinese domestic LFP CAM to fuel growing ESS demand
Securing ex.China LFP CAM for new ex.China cell production
Yuneng
Hithium
LFP CAM
PT LBM (Lopal)
Ford
LFP CAM
Establishing supply chain for ex.China LFP for EVs and strong US ESS demand
Wanrun
Hithium
LFP CAM
PT LBM (Lopal)
EVE Energy, Tesla
LFP CAM
LG ES
GM
LFP
Wanrun
CATL
LFP CAM
PT LBM (Lopal)
Sunwoda
LFP CAM
LG ES
Mercedes-Benz
LFP
Lopal
CATL
LFP CAM
PT LBM (Lopal)
CATL
LFP CAM
Samsung SDI
GM
LFP
Lopal
Cornex
LFP CAM
Unannounced
LFP CAM
LG ES
Tesla Energy
LFP
Fangyuan
BYD
LFP CAM
IBU-Tec
PowerCo
LFP CAM
SK On
Flatiron Energy
LFP
CNGR
BYD
FP
Dynanonic
CATL, Stellantis
LFP CAM
LG ES
SK Eternix
LFP
CNGR
EVE Energy
FP
CNGR
Gotion
FP
CNGR
CALB
FP
Extensions of agreements: manufacturers invested in NMC
Chinese NMC CAM producers in Europe securing more contracts Easpring
SK On
NMC CAM
Huayou
EVE Energy, BMW NMC CAM
Huayou
LG ES
NMC p/CAM
CNGR (COBCO)
Umicore
NMC pCAM
OEMs partnering with Chinese cell makers CALB
Hyundai
NMC
BYD
Hyundai
LFP
CATL
Scania
NMC
LG Chem
Panasonic, Tesla
NMC CAM
Umicore
SK On
NMC CAM
MCC RAMU
Minmetals, EVE Energy
NMC CAM
Easpring
LG ES
NMC CAM
OEMs remain searching for ex.China AAM supply
POSCO
LG ES, Hyundai
NMC CAM
Vianode
GM
AAM
SK On
Nissan
NMC
Eco & Dream
Umicore
NMC pCAM
POSCO
GM
AAM
LG ES
GM (JV)
LMR
CNGR
Umicore
NMC pCAM
Syrah
Lucid
AAM
CNGR
XTC
NMC pCAM
SK On
Ford (JV)
NMC
Syrah
Tesla
AAM
GEM
XTC
NMC pCAM
Novonix
Stellantis
AAM
Huayou
POSCO (joint venture)
NMC pCAM
Westwater
Stellantis
AAM
NMC-based partnerships
Note: Stellantis terminated partnerships with Alliance Nickel (missed milestones); Novonix (unable to agree on specifications); and Westwater (change in direction). SK On and Ford have ended their JV with each company taking over the plants in Tennessee (SK On) and Kentucky (Ford). Other strikethroughs indicate canceled or terminated partnerships.
Source: CRU Group (Distinguished Partner) supply chain database, company announcements. Strikethroughs indicate cancelled deals. Non-exhaustive list.
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.