Industry
Cell Design and Materials: Alternative Chemistries
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Vanadium Supply Chain Vanadium is mined from various countries, with Brazil, China, Russia, and South Africa accounting for 90% of production.
Conservatively, there are about 63,000,000 mT of vanadium in reserves. There are 3.94 GWh of operational VRFB globally. 59% of vanadium was produced by co and by-production with steel slag, 17% from mineral recovery and 24% from primary production.
Source: Rogers et al. Joule, 2025
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