Cell Design and Materials: Alternative Chemistries
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LTO Technology: Zero-strain, High-rate Anode LTO (Lithium Titanium Oxide, Li4Ti5O12) batteries are those which use LTO instead of graphite as anode material. With a crystal structure that remains highly stable during charge - discharge cycling, LTO is often called a “zero-strain material”. LTO anodes are characterized by good cycle stability, safety, low-temperature performance, and rate capability, which enable them for applications requiring high power, frequent cycling, and extended cycle life. However, the higher operating potential of approximately 1.5 V vs Li/Li+ limits specific capacity and nominal discharge voltage. Key Features
Safety
Rate capability
Excellent cycle life
Low-temperature performance Applications
Electric buses and cars
Electric ferries
Railway
Electric bicycles
Source: [1] Frith et al. [2] Zhang et al.
Key specifications Rated voltage
Specific energy
75 - 100 Wh/kg
Cycle life
Paired cathode
NMC, LMO
Source: Toshiba
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