Industry

Supply Chain: Upstream and Midstream

Page 423 of 768

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Goldman Sachs

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Lithium Production from Spodumene vs Brine: Process, Pros & Cons Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) Pros

Continuous production possible Less impacted by climate/evaporation rates Can target low-grade brines

Cons

Some processes still not economically proven Higher upfront tech integration costs Limited long-term commercial track record

Hard Rock

Source: Goldman Sachs, CleanTech

Pros

Straightforward permitting in some regions Compatible with existing mining workforce Strong supply chain + established processing routes

Cons

Requires blasting and heavy equipment Transportation of ore adds cost/emissions Mine closure and rehabilitation obligations

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