Supply Chain: Recycling & Secondary Markets
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Second-life Batteries: Current Applications Batteries are typically repurposed from a strenuous application (mostly mobility) to less demanding use cases
SLB viability: Green - suitable, yellow - sometimes suitable, red - not suitable (economic infeasibility or high C‐rates).
Repurposing
Repurposing can be done at the pack, module, or cell level: The prospect of disassembling a retired pack is valuable as it can increase the proportion of modules/cells that can be repurposed and also reduce the probability of a faulty or weak module/cell making its way into a second-life use case it is not fit for. To extend the lifespan of batteries, it is essential to design them in a way that ensures reparability while also creating an ecosystem of repair centers supported by a skilled workforce that is certified to work with high-voltage systems. Source: Sparkion, Roy et al (2025), Patel et al. 2024.
Providers (non-exhaustive list)
Offerings
Pack
C&I and grid scale BESS, diagnostics
Module
C&I BESS, diagnostics
Cell
Retrieving healthy cells from retired packs
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