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Organizations mentioned or cited on this 2025 report page. A historical mention does not establish current products, availability or endorsement.
Sources and links on page 469 (7)
Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
- https://www.honeywell.com/us/en/news/featured-stories/2025/01/electrolyte-sensing-enabling-early-detection-and-prevention-of-thermal-runaway
- https://amphenol-sensors.com/en/telaire/hydrogen-sensors/t3600series
- https://www.evengineeringonline.com/battery-sensor-enhances-early-detection-of-thermal-events-in-evs/
- https://www.enerkeybms.com/news/enerkey-bms-a-leading-active-balancing-board-manufacturer-in-2025-262507.html
- https://jmbatteries.com/blogs/blog/byd-blade-lithium-battery-upgrade-enhanced-performance-with-active-balancer-sleek-design
- https://xray.greyb.com/ev-battery/byd-battery-management-system
- https://www.infineon.com/assets/row/public/documents/10/49/infineon-tle9018dqk-datasheet-en.pdf
Text on page 469
BMS - Latest Innovations within Estimation Algorithms Thermal Runaway Detection
Cell Balancing
The safety philosophy of 2025 has shifted fundamentally from containment to early detection. Recognizing that measuring a temperature spike is often detecting a failure that is already irreversible, the industry has standardized on detecting the precursors to thermal runaway. These precursors - specifically the venting of electrolyte vapors and the generation of decomposition gases - offer a time window of 5 to 20 minutes before fire occurs.
Cell balancing - the process of equalizing the state of charge (SoC) of series-connected cells - remains a critical function of the BMS. In 2025, the industry is witnessing a divergence in balancing strategies, driven largely by the physics of LFP chemistry and the economics of large-format cells.
Technology Type
Target Parameter
Key Product Example
Detection Capabilities
Chemical Polymer
Electrolyte Vapors (DMC/EMC)
Honeywell BES / BES LITE
Detects "first vent" 5–20 minutes prior to thermal runaway; specialized coating rejects non-battery gases
Gas Concentration
Hydrogen (H2) 0–16%
Amphenol Telaire T3600
Automotive-qualified H2 detection post-vent / pre-fire; provides ratiometric analog output to confirm anode decomposition
Multi-Physics
Pressure, VOC, Humidity, Shock
Metis Cell Guard
Combines environmental parameters to detect pack seal breaches (water ingress) and cell venting simultaneously. Validated by Sandia National Labs as over 7 minutes faster than hydrogen sensors.
LFP Challenge: LFP cells have an extremely flat OCV curve, making small voltage differences represent large SoC differences; passive balancing is too slow and heat-intensive for large packs.
Active Balancing Rise (2025): Solutions like Enerkey’s all-time balancing algorithm actively transfer energy (up to 20A), enabling continuous, low-heat balancing.
OEM Strategies: BYD’s 2025 Blade Battery uses active equalization (~5A), cutting balancing time ~40% and ensuring consistent full-range capability. BYD’s algorithms also determine the "high voltage turning point" of the charging curve which represents the end of the linear charging region. By finding this point, the actual capacity of the cell can be used to equalize cells based on their actual capacities instead of just the nominal capacity.
Passive Balancing Use Case: Several IC suppliers provide solutions that are still preferred in cost-sensitive, smaller systems; example: Infineon TLE9018 provides simple 300mA passive balancing suited for well-matched cells.
Source: Honeywell, Amphenol, Metis Cell Guard - EV Engineering, EnerkeyBMS, JMBatteries - BYD Blade, XRAY - BYD BMS, Infineon
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.
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