Cell & Pack Manufacturing
Cover and introductionp.1
IndustryOverviewp.5
IndustryNotable Eventsp.7
IndustryIndustry Value Chainp.21
IndustryFinancep.50
IndustryCostsp.68
IndustryCell & Pack Manufacturingp.83
IndustryApplicationsp.127
IndustryApplications: EVp.130
IndustryApplications: Stationary Energy Storagep.182
IndustryApplications: Data Centersp.233
IndustryApplications: Aviation, Drones, Spacep.243
IndustryApplications: Roboticsp.256
IndustryApplications: Otherp.264
IndustrySafetyp.266
IndustryCell Design and Materialsp.282
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Li-Ionp.297
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Lithium Sulfurp.360
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Solid-Statep.367
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Sodium-Ionp.387
IndustryCell Design and Materials: Alternative Chemistriesp.397
IndustrySupply Chain: Upstream and Midstreamp.419
IndustrySupply Chain: Recycling & Secondary Marketsp.439
IndustrySoftware / AIp.455
ChinaOverviewp.486
ChinaHistoryp.489
ChinaPolicy Landscapep.498
ChinaTalent & Ecosystem Maturityp.505
ChinaCapitalp.510
ChinaSupply Chainp.518
ChinaTechnology Innovationp.536
AcademiaOverviewp.552
AcademiaResearch Trendsp.555
AcademiaSeminal Literaturep.560
AcademiaFundamentalsp.571
AcademiaLithium-Ionp.575
AcademiaSolid State Batteriesp.594
AcademiaBattery Degradation and Performancep.605
AcademiaNew / Alternative Chemistriesp.618
AcademiaFast Charging & Extreme Fast Chargingp.630
AcademiaArtificial Intelligence and Machine Learningp.632
AcademiaBattery Management System (BMS)p.638
AcademiaRecyclingp.642
AcademiaBattery Safetyp.649
TalentOverviewp.653
TalentWorkforce Landscapep.657
TalentEmerging Trendsp.662
TalentPolicy & Immigrationp.668
TalentCompensation & Benefitsp.675
TalentIndustry Sentimentp.680
TalentSkills & Training Gapsp.687
TalentEducational Developmentp.692
TalentWorkforce Researchp.698
TalentAccess & Advancementp.702
PolicyNorth Americap.706
PolicyEuropep.724
PolicyAsiap.731
PolicyLegalp.737
CommunityConferencesp.755
PredictionsThe Next 12 Monthsp.760
Closing pagesp.762
Directory profiles (18)
Organizations mentioned or cited on this 2025 report page. A historical mention does not establish current products, availability or endorsement.
Sources and links on page 93 (32)
Links embedded in the original report PDF, including citations and other references. These destinations have not been independently reviewed. Links open in a new tab.
- https://www.electrive.com/2025/12/17/aesc-opens-gigafactory-in-sunderland/
- https://nanotechenergy.com/about-us/press-release/nanotech-energy-inc-reveals-plans-for-new-1bn-uk-gigafactory/?ref=evinfocus.com
- https://www.electrive.com/2024/03/25/eve-energy-considers-building-battery-factory-in-coventry/
- https://gibenergy.com/
- https://www.metal.com/en/newscontent/103597268
- https://www.intellinews.com/bnegreen-elevenes-opens-europe-s-first-lfp-battery-cell-factory-in-serbia-s-subotica-276807/
- https://www.powerprogress.com/news/siro-begins-battery-production-in-turkey/8028621.article
- https://maxxen.com.tr/en/maxxen-hithium-press-conference
- https://strategicenergy.eu/maxxen/
- https://tr.pomega.com/en/about-us
- https://www.turkiyetoday.com/business/turkish-pomega-tapped-as-key-production-hub-by-us-battery-startup-one-3201681?s=1
- https://www.aspilsan.com/en/aspilsan-enerji-lithium-ion-battery-production-facility-machine-systems-came-to-turkiye/
- https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.ipcei-batteries.eu/fileadmin/Images/accompanying-research/publications/2024-05-BZF_Kurzinfo_Marktanalyse_Q2_engl.pdf&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1737665513607928&usg=AOvVaw2KYc626IQ85UdI5eHhgGyR
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- https://verkor.com/en/verkor-reaches-a-decisive-milestone-and-opens-its-first-gigafactory/
- https://techxplore.com/news/2024-06-car-battery-maker-acc-halts.html
- https://lyten.com/northvolt-acquisition/
- https://cnevpost.com/2024/10/25/svolt-suspends-battery-factory-projects-germany-report/
- https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-requests-approval-revamp-german-plant-application-documents-2023-07-19/
- https://www.electrive.com/2025/12/17/tesla-to-start-battery-cell-production-in-grunheide-from-2027/
- https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/volkswagens-german-battery-plant-stay-half-capacity-amid-cost-pressures-2024-09-06
- https://www.volkswagen-group.com/en/press-releases/start-of-european-battery-cell-production-powerco-commissions-salzgitter-gigafactory-20045
- https://renewablesnow.com/news/eni-seri-industrial-start-work-on-joint-8-gwh-italian-battery-factory-1282130/
- https://www.norran.se/english/skelleftea/artikel/lyten-struggling-to-secure-northvolt-financing/j8memqyl
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202512/04/WS6930e65aa310d6866eb2cd3f.html
- https://www.electrive.com/2025/05/27/samsung-sdi-paves-way-for-prismatic-batteries-at-hungary-plant/#:~:text=Samsung%20SDI%20has%20reportedly%20already,instead%20of%20graphite%2Dbased%20materials.
- https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/china-vs-korea-who-is-winning-the-battery-battle-in-hungary/
- https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.sunwoda.com/article/575/9.html&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1737665513447786&usg=AOvVaw3f8jh131m-pZnjZsGKA_xm
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- https://basquevolt.com/en/news/news/basquevolt-launches-its-cell-sample-manufacturing-plant-for-next-generation-batteries
- https://battery-news.de/2024/12/13/batteriezellproduktion-in-europa/
Text on page 93
European Gigafactory - 1,141* GWh of Capacity FRANCE 1 ACC, 13 GWh, (+27 GWh) 2 AESC, 10 GWh, (+20 GWh) 3 Verkor/Renault, 16 GWh, (+34 GWh)
4 Prologium, (+48 GWh) 5 Tiamat, (+5 GWh) GERMANY 6 ACC, (+40 GWh)** 7 CATL, 14 GWh, (+10 GWh) 8 Leclanche, 2 GWh 9 (Lyten) Northvolt Drei, (+15 GWh) 10 SVOLT, (+24 GWh)** 11 SVOLT, (+16 GWh)** 12 Tesla, (+8 GWh) 13 PowerCo, 20 GWh, (+20 GWh) 14 Customcells, (+unknown GWh)** 15 EAS, 0.5 GWh ITALY 16 FAAM, 0.35 GWh, (+8 GWh)
SWEDEN 18 NOVO (Volvo), (+50 GWh)** 19 (Lyten) Northvolt Ett, 16 GWh HUNGARY 20 CATL, 40 GWh (+60GWh) 21 EVE Energy, (+28 GWh) 22 Samsung SDI, 40 GWh, (+10GWh)
U.K. 31 AESC, 17.6 GWh, (+17.4 GWh) 32 Agratas/Tata, (+40 GWh) 33 Nanotech Energy, (+unknown GWh) 34 EVE Energy, (+60 GWh)
SERBIA 36 ElevenEs, (+48 GWh)
NORWAY 25 FREYR, (+29 GWh)** 26 Morrow, 1 GWh (+42 GWh)
POLAND 37 LGES, 90 GWh, (+25 GWh)
(+10 GWh)
30 CATL/Stellantis, (+50 GWh)
Several gigafactories have been halted due to weakened market demand, energy costs, or organizational issues.
SLOVAKIA 35 Gotion Inobat, (+40 GWh)
23 SK On, 47.5 GWh 24 Sunwoda, (+unknown GWh)
SPAIN 27AESC, (+50 GWh) 28 PowerCo, (+60 GWh) 29 Basquevolt, unknown GWh
Total capacity shrunk by 363 GWh from previous year.
CZECH REPUBLIC 38 MES, (+1.2 GWh)
33 TURKEY 34 32 39 Siro, (+50 GWh) 40 Maxxen, 1.5 GWh (+3.5 GWh) 4 41 Pomega, 2 GWh (+3 GWh) 3 2 42 Aspilsan, 0.2 GWh (+0.8 GWh) 5
PORTUGAL 17 CALB, (+15 GWh)
BASIC FORMAT = Current Capacity GWh, (+Additional Future Capacity GWh) CONSTRUCTION AT RISK = (+Additional Future Capacity GWh)* CONSTRUCTION HALTED/BANKRUPTCY = (+Additional Future Capacity GWh)**
Source: All uncited factories are from Batteriezellproduktion: Europa gerät ins Hintertreffen
*total includes future & current capacities; excludes plants with halted construction; takes the highest of future capacity ranges (if range exists) note: sodium-ion excluded
Extracted from the PDF; charts and images may read imperfectly.